Objective: The present study was conducted with the aim of effective school-based SELF-control skill training on increasing psychological hardiness and SELF-EFFICACY of male students of the first secondary level.Method: This research is a semi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the present study included male students of the first secondary school in Qom city, 30 students were selected using the available sampling method and divided into two groups of 15 people completely randomly. Students in the experimental group participated in 8 sessions of the school-based SELF-control training program, and the control group did not receive training. Before and after the implementation of the intervention, both groups were evaluated using the psychological hardiness scale of Lang and Goulet (2003) and the SELF-EFFICACY scale of children and adolescents (SEQ-C). The data was analyzed using spss-22 software and through repeated measures analysis of variance test.Findings: The results showed that school-based SELF-control skill training has a significant effect on increasing students' psychological hardiness and SELF-EFFICACY (P<0.01). Conclusion: The findings of the present study indicated that school-based SELF-control skill training can be an effective intervention in increasing psychological hardiness and SELF-EFFICACY in students.

Purpose: The present research was conducted to explain creativity, based on SELF-management and creative SELF-EFFICACY by mediating of educational engagement in elementary school students with learning Difficult. Method: The research method was a descriptive-correlation method with a path analysis design in the form of structural equations. The statistics society was included of students in 4th to 6th grads with learning problems that were engaged to educate in primary schools of Arak city in the academic year of 1400-1401, which were selected 200 boys’ and girls’ students (100 each gender) with learning problems as the research sample by using the purposeful sampling method. Data gathering tools were include Colorado Questionnaire, Shaffer's creativity questionnaire, Karwowski creative SELF-EFFICACY, Houghton and Neck's SELF-management, and Wilborn's educational engagement, which were completed by teachers and parents of students with learning Difficult. The collected data were analyzed by using Pearson's correlation coefficients and path way analysis in SPSS and AMOS software. From structural equations modeling method was used to investigate the research model fitness.  Results: The findings showed that the research model have an agreeable fitness. Also acquired coefficients between variables parameters showed that meaningful direct effect of SELF-management dimensions and creative SELF-EFFICACY on educational engagement and creativity. In this means, by increasing the SELF -management and creative SELF-EFFICACY, there is a positive change in the degree of educational engagement and creativity in students with learning problems. So, the relationships between the variables of the model drawn in this research were confirmed.

Background & Aim: The challenges that patients face after intestinal ostomy surgery can lead to impaired adjustment and SELF-EFFICACY. There is evidence suggesting these variables have reciprocal effects on each other. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the correlation between adjustment and SELF-EFFICACY in patients with intestinal ostomy.Methods & Materials: This descriptive correlational study was conducted on 76 patients with intestinal ostomy hospitalized in hospitals affiliated to Mashhad University of Medical Sciences using convenience sampling method in 2015. Research instruments were comprised of the demographic and disease information questionnaire, the Stoma SELF-EFFICACY Scale, and the Ostomy Adjustment Inventory. The SPSS software v.19 using descriptive and inferential statistics was used to analyze the data.Results: The results of Pearson correlation test showed a significant and positive linear correlation between the mean score of SELF-EFFICACY and the dimensions of adjustment: acceptance (P<0.001, r=0.518), anxious preoccupation (P<0.001, r=0.438), social engagement (p<0.001, r=0.488), and anger (P<0.001, r=0.384). Moreover, multiple regression analysis indicated that the dimensions of social engagement and acceptance have a significant and positive linear correlation with SELF-EFFICACY in patients with intestinal ostomy.Conclusion: The results revealed that the dimensions of social engagement and acceptance of ostomy were the most important factors in relation to SELF-EFFICACY. Therefore, in order to care for patients with intestinal ostomy especially in the early months after surgery, it was recommended to help patients adjust themselves to the physical appearance of ostomy and maintain their social engagement, by designing and implementing appropriate educational and supportive interventions.

2Background and aims: Spiritual well-being stands out as a crucial element of human health that enhances an individual's adaptive capacity. The aim of this study was to explore the correlation between spiritual health and SELF-EFFICACY among nursing students at a military university in Tehran. Methods: This cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) study was carried out in the years 2022-23 at a military nursing school. A total of 220 undergraduate nursing students were selected through a census method, with 190 students ultimately participating in the study. Data were collected using an individual characteristics questionnaire, the Ellison and Paltzion Spiritual Health Questionnaire, and the Sherer General SELF-EFFICACY Questionnaire. Results: The average scores for spiritual health (75. 27±6. 72) and SELF-EFFICACY (47. 92±6. 5) among nursing students fell within the moderate range. A positive and statistically significant relationship was observed between the spiritual health and SELF-EFFICACY of nursing students (r=0. 313, p<0. 001). Additionally, a positive correlation was found between SELF-EFFICACY and both educational semester (r=0. 238, p=0. 001) and age (r=0. 248, p=0. 001). However, no significant relationship was identified between spiritual health and any of the students’ individual variables. Conclusion: The findings of this study underscore the significance of spiritual health in bolstering the SELF-EFFICACY of nursing students. It is therefore recommended to focus on promoting spiritual health among nursing students as a means to enhance their SELF-EFFICACY.

Today, the topic of mental stresses due to work and life is so important among people, education specialists, mental health specialists and other people who are responsible for people’s health. One of the important aspects of health condition is people’s mental health. We can say that SELF efficiency is a base for mental health and it reinforces the senses of adequacy, efficiency and ability of controlling life. The images and perceptions that people have about their abilities are called. SELF-efficiency has some impacts on people’s struggles and assiduity. This study examines the impact of life skills training on raising the general EFFICACY of women heads of household in Tehran Municipality in 2010-2011. The study sample included 220 women heads of households are covered by Tehran Municipality. Type of variance is quasi-experimental design, pretest-posttest design & research and the sampling covariance. We used chance sampling. Also we used Schwartz general SELF efficiency questionnaire. Findings show that there is a significant relationship between life skills training and enhance SELF-EFFICACY among female headed households in Tehran Municipality.

The purpose of this research is to determine the relationship between moral intelligence and academic SELF-EFFICACY with the mediation of academic engagement of students in Mahabad city. The method of descriptive-survey research was of the correlation type and the statistical population was all 2831 secondary school female students of Mahabad city, of which 338 were selected by cluster sampling using Morgan's table. Data collection tools were standardized questionnaires of moral intelligence of Lenik and Hill (2005), academic SELF-EFFICACY of Jinks and Morgan (1999) and academic engagement of Fridix et al. (2006). The results of hypothesis testing were analyzed by spss and pls software and using correlation tests and structural equation modeling. The results showed that moral intelligence has a positive and significant relationship on academic SELF-EFFICACY with the mediation of academic conflict (0.31). Also, the results indicated that there is a positive and significant relationship between moral intelligence and academic SELF-EFFICACY components (0.52). The relationship between moral intelligence and academic engagement components was positive and significant (0.76) and finally, academic engagement has a positive and significant relationship with academic SELF-EFFICACY (0.41). Therefore, by increasing moral intelligence and consequently increasing academic engagement, it is possible to provide the basis for increasing academic SELF-EFFICACY in secondary school female students of Mahabad city.

Background & Aims: Nurses serve as a critical bridge between vulnerable communities and healthcare services, playing a vital role in medical care. Therefore, maintaining their mental health is essential. This study aimed to test a hypothesized model examining the structural relationships between mindfulness and SELF-EFFICACY with the mediation of emotion regulation and cognitive flexibility in nurses. Materials & Methods: This study employed a descriptive, structural equation modeling design. The target population included 894 nurses from hospitals in Sari, Iran. Using proportional stratified random sampling by gender, 255 participants were selected based on Klein's model. Data were collected using the General SELF-EFFICACY Scale (GSE-17) by Sherer et al., the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) by Gross and John, the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) by Baer et al., and the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI) by Dennis and Vander Wal. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 27 and AMOS version 24. Results: Structural equation modeling indicated significant relationships between mindfulness and SELF-EFFICACY among nurses, mediated by emotion regulation and cognitive flexibility. The conceptual model demonstrated good fit with the data (p < 0.05, χ²/df = 2.843, RMSEA = 0.076, CFI = 0.907, t ≠ -1.96-1.96). Positive, significant relationships were observed between mindfulness and SELF-EFFICACY (p < 0.05, t = 3.751), mindfulness and emotion regulation (p < 0.05, t = 2.672), mindfulness and cognitive flexibility (p < 0.05, t = 8.699), emotion regulation and SELF-EFFICACY (p < 0.05,t = 5.414), and cognitive flexibility and SELF-EFFICACY (p < 0.05, t = 2.246). Furthermore, both emotion regulation and cognitive flexibility fully mediated the relationship between mindfulness and SELF-EFFICACY (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Mindfulness and SELF-EFFICACY, mediated by emotion regulation and cognitive flexibility, play a significant role in enhancing nurses’ personal and professional well-being as well as their interpersonal relationships. These factors should be utilized to enhance mental health of nurses.

Background & Aim: Children are a particularly vulnerable group, and mothers' knowledge and awareness play a crucial role in fostering their developmental progress. Insufficient knowledge of the cognitive, emotional, and social aspects of child development may lead to a decrease in parental SELF-EFFICACY. This study aims to investigate the effect of a family-centered empowerment model on mothers' SELF-EFFICACY regarding the growth and development of toddlers. Methods & Materials: This quasi-experimental study was conducted in 2022 at Amir Kabir Hospital in Arak. A total of 72 mothers of hospitalized toddlers were selected and randomly assigned to either a control group (n=36) or an intervention group (n=36) through block randomization. The control group received standard hospital care, while the intervention group participated in a five-session, family-centered empowerment model program, with each session lasting 60 minutes. Data were collected using demographic questionnaires and parenting SELF-EFFICACY assessments, administered before the intervention, immediately after, and one month post-intervention. Analysis was performed using SPSS version 26, incorporating both descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The results showed that the mean SELF-EFFICACY scores before the intervention had no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P=0.416). However, post-intervention, the mean parenting SELF-EFFICACY scores demonstrated a statistically significant difference between the groups (P<0.001). Additionally, the mean parenting SELF-EFFICACY scores measured one month after the intervention also showed a statistically significant difference (P<0.001). Conclusion: The family-centered empowerment model significantly improved mothers' SELF-EFFICACY. It is recommended as an effective approach for improving the management of children's growth and development.